Sayre, 1917: A Manual of Organic Materia Medica.

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A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy.

by Lucius E. Sayre, B.S. Ph. M., 1917.

Introduction to the scanned version

Title page
Preface to the fourth edition
Preface to the first edition
Part I: A Study of Drugs
Classification
Table of Therapeutical Agents: Internal remedies, External remedies, Agents which act upon organisms which infest the human body
Therapeutical agents defined
Part II: Drug Description
Section I - Organic drugs from the Vegetable Kingdom, described and arranged according to Families.
Cryptogams (Plants producing spores)
Algae
Structure very various, growing for the most part in water, mostly in stagnant water in warm climates, but some on moist rocks or ground, etc. Entirely cellular, producing fronds.
1. Chondrus crispus, Irish moss, Carrageen
2. Fucus vesiculosus, Bladder-wrack.
3. Laminaria digitata, sea-girdles or tangles.
4. Agar, agar-agar
Fungi
Spore-bearing plants destitute of chlorophyll and reproduced by means of spores, not by true seeds.
5. Claviceps purpurea, Ergota, Ergot of rye.
6. Ustilago, Corn smut.
7. Polyporus officinalis, Agaricus albus, Larch agaric, Purging agaric, White agaric.
8. Saccharomyces, Cerevisiae, Fermentum compressum, Compressed yeast.
Lichenes
Consisting mainly of a thallus (often leaf-like), without stem and leaves, wholly cellular. Reproduced by spores.
9. Cetraria islandica, Iceland moss.
10. Litmus.
Polytrichaceae.
11. (Polytrichum juniperum, Hair-cap moss.
Filices - Ferns. - Synopsis.
12. Dryopteris filix-mas, Aspidium, Male fern.
13. (Adiantum pedatum, Maidenhair.
14. Cibotium sp., Penghawar, Paku-kidang.
15. (Polypodium vulgare, polypody.
16. (Osmunda regalis, Buck-thorn brake.
Equisetaceae - Horsetail family.
17. (Equisetum hyemale, Scouring rush.
Lycopodiaceae - Club-moss family.
Low plants looking like very large mosses, more or less branching, and with the 1- to 3-celled sporangia (spore-cases) in the axils of the lanceolate, subulate, or rounded, persistent leaves. Spores homogeneous.
18. Lycopodium clavatum, Vegetable sulphur.
Phanerogams (Plants producing true seed)
Pinaceae - Pine family. - Synopsis.
19. Juniperus sabina, Sabina.
20. (Juniperus virginiana, Red cedar.
21. Pinus strobus, Weymouth pine (Pinus alba, White pine); Pinus montana, Dwarf pine.
22. Thuja occidentalis, Arbor vitae.
23. Juniperus communis, Juniper.
24. Juniperus oxycedrus: Oleum cadinum, Oil of Cade, Juniper tar oil
25. (Tsuga canadensis, Hemlock spruce.
26. (Larix americana, Tamarac, American Larch.
27. Pinus palustris: Terebinthina, Turpentine; Terebinthinae laricis, Venice turpentine, Larix europaea; Oleum terebinthinae, Oil of Turpentine, Spirits of Turpentine; Resina, Resin, Rosin, Colophony.
28. Pinus palustris: Pix liquida, Tar.
29. Abies balsamea: Terebinthina canadensis, Canada Turpentine, Canada balsam. Barlam of fir.
30. Abies canadensis: Pix canadensis, Canada pitch, Hemlock pitch.
31. Abies excelsa: Pix burgundica, Burgundy pitch.
32. Succinum, Amber.
33. (Agathis dammara, Dammara, Dammar, Gum dammar.
34. Dammara orientalis, Kauri resin, Kauri gum.
35. Callitris quadrivalvis, Sandaracca, Sandarac.
Gnetaceae
36. (Ephedra antisyphilitica, Mormon tea.
Gramineae - Grass family. - Synopsis.
37. Agropyron repens, Triticum, Couch-grass.
38. (Andropogon muricatus, Vetiveria, Vetivert.
39. Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum spp., Beta vulgaris: Sugar, Cane sugar.
40, 41. Zea mays, Corn-silk; Oleum maydis, Maize oil.
42. Amylum, Starch: Zea mays; Avena sativa, Oatmeal; Metroxylon sagu, Sago, Pearl sago; Manihot utilissima, Tapioca, Cassava starch. Colocasia esculenta, Taro, Taro flour. Triticum vulgare, Wheat; Oryza sativa, Rice, Solanum tuberosum, Potato; Canna edulis; Maranta arundicanea; Curcuma leucorrhiza.
43. Hordeum distichum, Barley; Maltum, Malt.
Cyperaceae. - Sedge family.
44. (Carex arenaria, Red sedge, Radix sarsaparillae germanicae.
45. (Cyperus articulatus, Adrue, Guinea rush.
Palmae. - Palm family. - Synopsis.
46. Areca catechu, Areca nut, Betel nut.
47. Serenoa serrulata, Sabal, Saw palmetto.
48. (Copernica cerifera, Carnauba.
49. Calamus draco, Draconis resina, Dragon's blood.
50. Elaeis guineensis: Oleum palmae, Palm oil.
51. Cocos nucifera: Oleum cocois, Cocoanut oil.
Aroidae. - Arum family. - Synopsis.
52. Acorus calamus, Calamus, Sweet flag.
53. Symplocarpus foetidus, Skunk cabbage.
54. Arisaema triphyllum, Arum, Indian turnip.
55. (Arisaema dracontium, Green dragon.
Commelinaceae. - Spiderwort family.
56. (Commelina communis, Asiatic day flower.
Bromeliaceae. - Pineapple family.
57. (Ananassa sativa, Pineapple.
Liliaceae. - Lily family. - Synopsis.
58. Smilax officinalis, Smilax spp., Sarsaparilla.
59. Convallaria majalis, Lily of the valley.
60. Veratrum viride, American hellebore.
61. Veratrum sabadilla, Asagrea officinalis, Sabadilla, Cevadilla.
62. Polygonatum biflorum, P. giganteum, Solomon's seal.
63. Helonias dioica, Chamelirium luteum, False unicorn.
64. (Trillium erectum, Birthroot, Wake-robin.
65. (Asparagus officinalis, Asparagus.
66. Allium sativum, Garlic.
67. Urginea maritima, Scilla, Squill.
68, 69. Colchicum autumnale, Meadow saffron: Colchici cormus, Colchicum corm; Colchici semen, Colchicum seed.
70. Aloe perryi, A. vera, A. ferrox, Aloe; Aloinum, Aloin.
71. Xanthorrhoea hastitis, X. australis, Gum acaroides, Botany bay resin, Grass-tree resin.
72. (Erythronium americanum, Adder's tongue, Dog-tooth violet.
Haemodoraceae. - Bloodwort family.
73. Aletris farinosa, Colic root, Starwort.
Dioscoriaceae. - Yam family.
74. Dioscorea villosa, Wild yam, Colic root.
Irideae. - Iris family.
Perennial herbs, with equitant, 2-ranked leaves, the flowering stem arising from a rhizome or corm.
75. Iris versicolor, Iris, Blue flag.
76. Iris florentina, I. pallida, I. germanica, Orris root.
77. Crocus sativus, Saffron.
Scitamineae. - Banana family. - Synopsis
78. Zingiber officinale, Ginger.
79. Alpinia officinarum, Galanga, Galangal.
80. Curcuma zedoaria, Zedoary.
81. Curcuma longa, Turmeric.
82. Elettaria cardamomum, Cardamomi semem, Cardamom seed.
83. Amomum grana paradisi, Amomum melegueta, Grains of paradise, Guinea grains.
Orchidaceae. - Orchis family. - Synopsis.
84. Cypripedium hirsutum, C. pubescens, C. parviflorum, Ladies' slipper root.
85. Corallorrhiza odontorrhiza, Crawley, Coral root.
86. (Orchis mascula, O. morio, Salep.
87. Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla.
Piperaceae. - Synopsis.
88. Piper cubeba, Cubeb, Cubebs.
89. Piper nigrum, Black pepper, Pepper.
90. Piper nigrum, White pepper.
91. Piper longum, Piper officinarum, Long pepper.
92. Piper angustifolium, Matico.
93. (Anemopsis californica, Houttuynia californica, Yerba mansa.
94. (Piper jaborandi, Jambu assu.
95. Piper methysticum, Kava, Kava kava.
Salicaceae. - Willow family.
Dioecious trees or shrubs with both kinds of flowers in catkins; fruit bearing numerous seeds furnished with long, silky down.
96. Salix alba, Salix spp., willow; Salicinum, Salicin.
97. (Populus tremuloides, White poplar, American aspen.
98. Populus balsamifera, Balm of Gilead buds.
Myricaceae. - Sweet gale family.
99. Myrica cerifera, Bayberry bark, Wax myrtle.
100. (Comptonia asplenifolia, Sweet fern.
Juglandaceae. - Walnut family.
A small family of trees with monoecious flowers and the fruit a nut.
101. Juglans cinerea, Butternut; Juglans nigra, Black walnut; Carya alba, shellbark hickory.
Cupuliferae (Fagaceae). - Oak family. - Synopsis.
102. Quercus alba, White oak.
103. (Alnus serrulata, Tag alder.
104. (Fagus ferruginea, American beech.
105. Quercus infectoria, Quercus spp.: Galla, Nutgall; Acidum gallicum, Gallic acid; Pyrogallol, Pyrogallica acid.
106. Castanea dentata, Chestnut.
107. Betula lenta: Oleum betulae, Volatile oil of Betula, Oil of Sweet Birch.
108. (Ostrya virginica, Iron-wood, Hop-hornbeam.
Urticaceae. - Nettle family. - Synopsis.
109. Ulmus fulva, Slippery elm.
110, 111. Humulus lupulus, Hops; Lupulinum, Lupulin.
112. Cannabis sativa, Indian cannabis, Indian hemp, Hemp; Cannabis semen, Hemp seed; Oleum cannabis, Oil of hemp.
113. (Urtica dioica, Nettle, Stinging Nettle.
114. Ficus carica, Fig.
115. (Morus rubra, Morus nigra, Morus alba, Mulberry
Santalaceae. - Sandalwood family.
116. Santalum album, Sandalwood; Oleum santali, Oil of santal.
Loranthaceae. - Mistletoe family.
117. (Phoradendron flavescens, (American) Mistletoe.
Aristolochiaceae. - Birthwort family.
Climbing shrubs, or low herbs, with perfect flowers, the lurid calyx coherent, with the ovary, which forms a 6-celled capsule or berry in fruit. Leaves petiolate. Principal constituents are volatile oil and resinous principles.
118. Aristolochia serpentaria, Aristolochia reticulata, Serpentaria, Virginia snake-root.
119. Asarum canadense, Canada snake-root, Wild ginger.
Polygoneae. - Buckwheat family. - Synopsis.
120. Rheum officinale, Rheum palmatum, Rheum spp., Rhubarb.
121. Rumex crispus, Rumex spp., Yellow dock.
122. Rumex hymenosepalus, Canaigre.
123. (Polygonum acre, Water pepper, Smart weed.
124. Polygonum bistorta, Bistorta, Bistort.
Chenopodiaceae. - Goosefoot family.
Weed-like herbs, with minute greenish flowers; ovary 2-styled, 1-celled, becoming a 1-seeded thin utricle or caryopsis. Generally bland and innocent.
125. Chenopodium ambrosioides, American wormseed; Oleum chenopodii, Oil of Chenopodium.
Phytolaccaceae. - Pokeweed family.
Tropical plants represented in the United States by Phytolacca decandra and Rivinia laevis.
126, 127. Phytolacca decandra, Poke root; Phytolaccae fructus, Poke berries.
Caryophyllaceae. - Pink family.
Herbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire. and regular flowers; petals 4 or 5 mostly removed from the calyx by a short internode. Usually bland herbs; some are highly valued as ornamental plants.
128. Gypsophila paniculata, Saponaria levantica, Levant soapwort.
129. Saponaria officinalis, Soapwort.
130. (Stellaria media, Chickweed.
Portulacaceae. - Purslane family.
131. (Portulaca oleracea, Garden purslane.
Nymphaeae. - Water lily family.
Aquatic plants, with peltate or cordate leaves from a prostrate rhizome.
132. Nymphaea odorata, Water lily; Nuphar advena, Yellow pond lily.
Ranunculaceae. - Crowfoot family.
Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants with acrid juice; distinguished by the parts of the flower-sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils-being free and distinct—that is, separated and independently situated on the receptacle. The leaves are dilated at base, one-half clasping the stem. Fruit a pointed or feathery akene, dry pod, or berry. The order has numerous anomalies in the form and structure of the calyx, and corolla in such genera as columbine, aconite, larkspur, ranunculus, anemone, etc., which, nevertheless, agree in the separation of their sepals and petals, the insertion of their numerous stamens, direction of their anthers, structure of seed, etc.
133. Cimicifuga racemosa, Black snakeroot, Black cohosh.
134. Hydrastis canadensis, Golden seal, Yellow puccoon.
135. (Actaea alba. - White cohosh.
136. Coptis trifolia, Gold thread.
137. Helleborus niger, Black hellebore.
138. Helleborus viridis, Green hellebore.
139. Xantorrhiza apiifolia, Yellow-root.
140. Anemone pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, Pulsatilla, Pasque flower.
141. Adonis vernalis, False hellebore.
142. (Ranunculus bulbosus, Crowfoot, Butter cup.
143. Delphinium staphisagria, Staphisagria, Stavesacre.
144. Delphinium consolida, Delphinium, Larkspur seed.
145. (Nigella damascena, Nigella.
146. Aconitum napellus, Aconite, Monkshood
147. Anemone hepatica, Liverwort.
148. (Paeonia officinalis, Peony.
Magnoliaceae. - Magnolia family. - Synopsis.
149. Illicium verum, Star anise.
150. Magnolia glauca, Magnolia.
151. Drimys winteri, Winter's bark, Wintera.
152. Liriodendron tulipifera, Tulip-tree bark.
Calycanthaceae. - Calycanthus family.
153. (Calycanthus floridus, Florida allspice.
Myristicaceae. - Synopsis.
154, 155. Myristica fragrans, Nutmeg; Oleum myristicae, Oil of nutmeg; Oleum myristicae expressum, Expressed oil of nutmeg, Mace butter; Macis, Mace.
Menispermaceae. - Moonseed family. - Synopsis.
156. Jateorrhiza palmata, Calumba, Columbo.
157. Chondodendron tomentosum, Pareira, Pareira brava.
158. Menispermum canadense, Yellow parilla.
159. Anamirta cocculus, Cocculus indicus, Fish berries.
Berberidaceae. - Barberry family. - Synopsis.
160. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Squaw root, Blue cohosh.
161. Podophyllum peltatum, Mayapple, Mandrake.
162. (Jeffersonia diphylla, Twin-leaf.
163, 164. Berberis vulgaris, Barberry.
165. Mahonia spp., Berberis spp., Oregon grape.
Monimiaceae.
166. Peumus boldus, Boldo.
Lauraceae. - Laurel family. - Synopsis.
167. Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ceylon cinnamon.
168. Cinnamomum aromaticum, Cassia bark; Oleum cassiae, Oil of cinnamon.
169. Cinnamomum spp., Saigon cinnamon, Saigon cassia.
170, 171, 172. Sassafras variifolium, Sassafras; Sassafras bark; Oleum sassafras; Sassafras lignum, Sassafras wood; Sassafras medulla, Sassafras pith.
173. Nectandra rodiaei, Bebeeru bark, Greenheart bark.
174. Coto, Coto bark; Paracoto bark.
175. (Lindera benzoin, Spice bush.
176. Laurus nobilis, Laurus, Sweet bay; Oleum lauri, Laurel oil.
177. Umbellularia californica, California laurel.
178. Cinnamomum camphora, Camphor, Gum camphor; Oleum camphorae, Oil of camphor.
179. (Persea gratissima, Alligator pear.
Papaveraceae. - Poppy family. - Synopsis.
180, 181, 182. Papaver somniferum: Opium; Papaver, Poppy capsules, Papaveris fructus; Papaver somniferum: Papaveris semen, Poppy seed, Maw seed.
183. Chelidonium majus, Celandine.
184. (Eschscholtzia californica.
185. Sanguinaria canadensis, Blood root.
186. Papaver rhoeas, Rhoeas, Red poppy.
Fumariaceae. - Fumitory family.
Erect or climbing herbs with alternate leaves. Slightly bitter, innocent plants. Bocconia cordata (= Macleya cordata), Tree Celandine, belongs to this order (see Chelidonium). Yields protopine.
187. Dicentra canadensis, Corydalis, Turkey corn.
Cruciferae. - Mustard family. - Synopsis.
188. Sinapis alba, White mustard.
189. Brassica nigra, Sinapis nigra, Black mustard; Oleum sinapis volatile; Oleum sinapis expressum; Rapeseed oil, colza oil, Brassica napus, rapeseed. Rubsen oil, Brassica rapa.
190. Capsella bursa-pastoris, Shepherd's purse.
191. Cochlearia armoracia, Armoracia, Horse radish.
Sarraceniaceae. - Pitcher-plant family.
192. (Sarracenia flava, Sarracenia purpurea, Pitcher plant.
Droseraceae. - Sundew family.
193. (Drosera rotundifolia, Sundew.
Crassulaceae. - Orpine family.
194. (Sedum acre, Biting Stone-crop, English Mass.
195. (Penthorum sedoides, Virginia Stone-crop.
Saxifrageae. - Saxifrage family.
196. (Heuchera americana, Alum root.
197. Hydrangea arborescens.
198. (Mitella nuda, Coolwort.
Hamamelidaceae. - Witchhazel family. - Synopsis.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers in heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious. Fruit a woody capsule, 2-beaked, 2-celled, 2-seeded. A family which contains but few species, but is dispersed over both hemispheres. The wood of a tree, Parrolin, is extremely hard, and in Persia is called iron-wood.
199, 200. Hamamelis virginiana: Witchhazel. Hamamelidis folia, Hamamelis leaves; Hamamelidis cortex, Witch-hazel bark.
201. Liquidambar orientalis, Styrax, Storax, Liquid storax.
202. Liquidambar styraciflua, Liquidambar, Sweet gum.
Rosaceae. - Rose family. - Synopsis.
203. Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Wild Cherry, Wild Cherry bark.
204. (Prunus virginiana, Choke cherry.
205. Prunus domestica, Prune.
206. (Prunus persica, Peach leaves.
207. (Pyrus malus, Malus, Apple tree.
208. Pyrus cydonia, Cydonium, Quince seed.
209. Prunus amygdalus, Amygdala amara, Bitter almond; Oleum amygdalae amarae, Oil of bitter almond.
210, 211. Prunus amygdalus, Amygdala dulcis, Sweet almond; Oleum amygdalae expressum, Expressed oil of almond, Almond oil.
212. Quillaja saponaria, Soapbark.
213. Rosa gallica, Red rose.
214. Rosa centifolia, Pale rose, Hundred-leaved rose, Cabbage rose.
215. Rosa canina, Dog rose.
216. Rosa damascena: Oleum rosae, Oil of rose, Attar of roses.
217. Rubus villosus, Blackberry root.
218. Rubus idaeus, Raspberry.
219. (Crataegus oxyacantha, English hawthorn.
220. Prunus laurocerasus, Laurocerasus, Cherry laurel.
221. (Fragaria vesca, Strawberry.
222. Hagenia abyssinica, Brayera, Kooso.
223. Potentilla tormentilla, Tormentilla, Tormentil.
224. Geum urbanum, Avens, European avens.
225. (Geum rivale, Water avens.
226. Gillenia stipulacea, American ipecac.
227. (Agrimonia eupatoria, Agrimony.
228. (Potentilla canadensis, Cinquefoil.
229. Spiraea tomentosa, Hardhack.
Leguminosae. - Pulse family. - Synopsis.
230. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Licorice root.
231, 232. Abrus precatorius, Indian Licorice, Abri radix; Prayer beads, Jequirity, Abri semen.
233. Baptisia tinctoria, Wild indigo.
234. Erythrophloeum guneense, Sassy bark.
235. (Cercis canadensis, Redbud.
236. (Saraca indica, Asoca.
237. Piscidia erythrina, Jamaica dogwood.
238. Haematoxylon campechianum, Logwood.
239. Pterocarpus santalinus, Santalum rubrum, Red Saunders, Red Sandalwood.
240. Cassia acutifolia, Cassia angustifolia, Senna.
241. Cassia marilandica, American senna.
242. Melilotus officinalis, Sweet clover.
243. (Trifolium pratense, Red Clover; Trifolium repens, White clover.
244. (Stylosanthes elatior, Pencil Flower.
245. Galega officinalis, Goat's rue.
246. Cytisus scoparius, Scoparius, Broom.
247. Cassia fistula, Purging cassia.
248. Ceratonia siliqua, St. John's Dread.
249. Tamarindus indica, Tamarind.
250. Dipteryx odorata, Tonka bean; Coumarinum, Coumarin.
251. Trigonella foenum-graecum, Foenum graecum, Fenugreek.
252. Physostigma venenosum, Calabar bean.
253. Mucuna pruriens, Cowage, Kiwach.
254. Andira araroba, Goa powder.
255. Acacia senegal, Acacia, Gum arabic.
256. Astragalus gummifer, Tragacantha, Tragacanth, Gum Tragacanth.
257. Acacia catechu, Catechu; Ourouparia gambir, Gambir, Catechu.
258. Pterocarpus marsupium, Kino.
259. Copaiba langsdorfii, Copaiba, Balsam copaiba; Oleum copaibae, Oil of Copaiba.
260. Pongamia glabra, Pongamia oil, Kurung oil.
261. Copal, Gum copal.
262. Toluifera pereireae, Balsamum peruvianum, Balsam of Peru.
263. Toluifera balsamum, Balsamum tolutanum, Balsam of Tolu.
Linaceae. - Flax family.
Stems herbaceous; annual or perennial, rarely woody plants closely allied to the mallows, remarkable, however, in having the inner fiber of the bark very tenacious, and for the mucilaginous covering of the seed, in which there is an abundance of drying fixed oil. A few are bitter.
264. Linum usitatissimum, Linseed, Flaxseed.
Erythroxyllaceae.
265. Erythroxylon Coca, Coca.
Geraniaceae. - Geranium family.
Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, usually stipulate, simple or compounds. Flowers regular or irregular; carpels prolonged above into beaks terminated by the styles, which give rise to the name Cranesbill, applied to the principal genus.
266. Geranium maculatum, Cranesbill.
267. Impatiens pallida, Jewel weed; Impatiens balsamina.
Zygophyllaceae.
The wood of many species of this order is remarkable for its excessive hardness. The two official drugs from the order are the wood, 75, and resin, 76, of guaiacum.
268. Guaiacum officinale, Guaiacum sanctum, Guaiaci Lignum, Lignum vitae
269. Guaiacum officinale, Guaiacum sanctum, Gum Guaiac, Guaiac.
Rutaceae. - Rue family. - Synopsis.
270, 271. Xanthoxylum americanum, Fagara clava-herculis, Prickly ash bark; Xanthoxylum clava-herculis, Xanthoxyli fructus, Prickly ash fruit.
272. Galipea cuspari, Angustura, Cusparia bark.
273. Ptelea trifoliata, Wafer Ash.
274. Barosma betulina, Barosma serratifolia, Buchu, Short buchu.
275. Pilocarpus jaborandi, Pilocarpus microphyllus, Jaborandi.
276. Ruta graveolens, Rue.
277. Aegle marmelos, Bael fruit, Bela, Bengal Quince.
Aurantieae. Sub-order of Rutaceae. - The Orange family. - Synopsis.
278, 279, 280, 281. Citrus vulgaris, Citrus aurantium, the Orange Products:
The Rind: Aurantii amari cortex, Bitter orange peel; Aurantii dulcis cortex, Sweet orange peel;
The Oil: Oleum Aurantii;
The Leaf: Aurantii Folia;
The Flower: Aurantii Flores, Orange flowers; Oleum Aurantii Florum, Oleum Neroli.
282, 283, 284. Citrus medica, Citros limonum, The Lemon Products:
The Juice: Limonis succus, Lemon juice, Succus citri;
The Rind: Limonis cortex, Lemon peel; Oleum Limonis, Oil of Lemon Peel, or Rind.
285. Citrus bergamia: Oleum bergamottae, Oil of Bergamot.
286. (Casimuroa edulis, White Zapote.
Simarubaceae.
Shrubs and trees with scentless foliage; almost confined to the tropics. Leaves generally compound and alternate. The bitter bark and wood are employed in medicine.
287. Picrasma excelsa, Quassia, Jamaica Queen, Quassia amara, Surinam Quassia.
288. Picraena excelsa, Quassiae cortex, Quassia bark.
289. Simaruba officinalis, Simaruba.
290. (Simaba cedron, Cedron seed.
291. Ailanthus glandulosa, Tree of heaven, Chinese sumac.
292. (Picramnaea sp., Cascara amarga, Honduras bark.
293. Castela nicholsoni, Chaparro amargoso, Amargosa.
Burseraceae.
Tropical trees and shrubs abounding in resinous and oily secretions. Drugs of the order are: Myrrha (294); Olibanum (295); Bdellium (296), and Elemi (297).
294. Commiphora myrrha, Myrrha, Myrrh.
295. Boswellia carterii, Olibanum, Frankincense.
296. Commiphora mukul, Commiphora africana, Bdellium.
297. Canarium commune, Elemi, Manila elemi.
Meliaceae.
Tropical trees, rarely undershrubs, with mostly pinnately compound leaves. The order contains many plants which have acrid, bitter, and astringent properties. None official.
298. (Maregamia alata, Goanese ipecac.
299. (Guarea sp., Cocillana.
300. Melia azedarach, Azedarach, Margosa bark.
Polygaleae. - Milkwort family. - Synopsis.
301. Krameria triandra, Krameria ixina, Rhatany.
302. Polygala senega, Senega, Seneka, Senega snakeroot.
303. (Polygala rubella, Bitter polygala.
Euphorbiaceae. - Spurge family. - Synopsis.
304. Stillingia sylvatica, Stillingia, Queen's root, Queen's delight.
305, 306, 307. Euphorbia corollata, Large flowering spurge; Euphorbia ipecacuanha, Ipecacuanha spurge; Euphorbia pilulifera; Euphorbia sp. Euphorbium; Euphorbia heterodoxa, Alveloz milk.
308. (Mercurialis annua, Mercury weed.
309. Hevea braziliensis, Ficus elastica, India rubber, Caoutchouc, Elastica.
310. Lacca, Lac, Gum-lac, Stick-lac, Seed-lac, Lump-lac, Shell-lac, Gum-shellac.
311. Croton eluteria, Cascarilla, Cascarilla bark.
312. Ricinus communis, Castor-oil seed; Oleum ricini, Castor oil.
313. Croton tiglium, Tiglium, Croton seed; Oleum tiglii, Croton oil.
314. Curcas purgans, Curcas, Purging nuts.
315. Mallotus philippinensis, Kamala, Rottlera.
Anacardiaceae. - Cashew Family.
Trees or shrubs with gummy, milky or resinous juice, often poisonous. Leaves usually compound. Fruit drupaceous, not infrequently having a strong turpentine odor and taste. The seeds of many species yield an abundance of bland oil. Drugs from the order: Rhus Toxicodendron, 316; Rhus Glabra, 317; Rhus aromatica, 318; Mastiche, 319; Terebinthina Chia, 320; Anacardium, 321; Semecarpus, 322.
316. Rhus radicans, Rhus toxicodendron, Poison ivy, Poison oak.
317. Rhus glabra, Sumac.
318. Rhus aromatica, Sweet sumach.
319. Pistacia lentiscus, Mastiche, Mastic.
320. Pistacia terebinthus, Terebinthina chia, Chian turpentine.
321. (Anacardium occidentale, Anacardium, Cashew nut.
322. (Semecarpus anacardium, Semecarpus, Oriental Cashew nut.
Ilicineae. - Holly family.
Trees and shrubs indigenous to tropical and temperate climates. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen.
323. Ilex opaca, Holly.
324. Ilex paraguayensis, Paraguay tea.
325. Ilex verticillata, Prinos, Black alder, Winterberry.
Celastrinaceae. - Staff-tree family.
Small trees and shrubs, sometimes climbing. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, often coriaceous. A peculiarity of the flowers is that the perigynous stamens are inserted on the disk which fills the bottom of the calyx and sometimes covers the ovary. Fruit a capsule, an indehiscent drupe, or a samara. Seeds furnished with a pulpy, colored, cupular aril.
326. Euonymus atropurpureus, Wahoo.
327. (Celastrus scandens, Climbing staff-tree, False bitter-sweet.
328. (Acer rubrum, Red or Swamp Maple.
Sapindaceae. - Soapberry family.
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Stem with watery juice, erect or climbing. The members of the order are called soapworts because of the fruit of many species containing a saponaceous principle. The flowers are unsymmetrical, racemed, or panicled, the pedicels often changed into tendrils. The order furnishes a variety of dissimilar products, as will be seen in Guarana, 329; Aesculus glabra, 330; Aesculus hippocastanum, 331; Acer rubrum, 328; and Macassar Oil, 332.
329. Paullinia cupana, Guarana.
330. (Aesculus glabra, Ohio buckeye.
331. Aesculus hippocastanum, Horse-chestnut.
332. (Schlerchera trijuga, Macassar oil.
Rhamnaceae. - Buckthorn family.
Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves; branches somewhat spinescent. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Fruit an indehiscent, fleshy, winged drupe, with a hard, woody endocarp, or a pod not arilled.
333. Rhamnus frangula, Frangula, Buckthorn.
334. Rhamnus purshiana, Cascara Sagrada, Chittem bark.
335. Rhamnus cathartica, Buckthorn.
336. Ceanothus americana, New Jersey tea, Red root.
337. (Gouania domingensis, Gouania, Chewstick.
Ampelideae.
Mostly climbing shrubs. Stems and branches nodose; tendrils and flower clusters opposite the leaves. Fruit a two-celled berry. Plants abounding in the Tropics.
338. (Vitis vinifera, Uva passa, Raisin.
339. (Ampelopsis quinquefolia, American ivy, Woodbine.
Tiliaceae. - Linden family.
Mostly tropical trees, some of the species of the genus Tilia, yielding tenacious fibers for cordage. Flowers balsamic, furnishing infusions which are antispasmodic and diaphoretic.
340. (Tilia americana, Linden flowers, Basswood lime tree.
Malvaceae. - Mallow family. - Synopsis.
341. Althaea officinalis, Althaea, Marshmallow.
342. Althaea rosea, Hollyhock.
343. (Malva sylvestris, Malva, Mallow.
344. Gossypium herbaceum, Cotton plant; Root bark, Gossypii Cortex, Cotton-root bark; Hairs of seed, Gossypium purificatum, Purified cotton; Oil, Oleum Gossypii Seminis.
Sterculiaceae.
Trees or shrubs with soft wood; sometimes climbing. Fruit dry, rarely fleshy (Theobroma, 346); seeds globose or ovoid, with coriaceous or crustaceous testa. The two plants of interest of the order are the one mentioned and Cola, 70.
345. Cola acuminata, Cola, Kola.
346. Theobroma cacao, Theobroma, Cacao, Chocolate nut; Oleum theobromatis, Cacao butter.
Ternstroemiaceae. - Tea or Camellia Family.
Trees or shrubs with simple, usually alternate, leaves, often fascicled at the tops of the branches.
347. Camellia thea, Thea, Tea.
Guttiferae.
Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled coriaceous leaves; stamens indefinite; stigmas sessile, radiant. Many species, like the gamboge, yield a yellow juice; the seeds of others are oily. Among the edible fruits of the order is the mangosteen, regarded as the most delicious fruit in the world.
348. Garcinia hanburii, Cambogia, Gamboge.
349. Garcinia mangostana, Mangostana, Mango fruit, Mangosteen.
Hypericineae. - St. John's-wort Family.
350. Hypericum perforatum, Hypericum, St. John's-wort.
Dipterocarpeae.
Trees often gigantic, exuding a resinous juice; rarely shrubs.
351. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gurjun, Gurjun Balsam, Wood-oil.
352. Dryobalanops aromatica, Borneo Camphor, Sumatra Camphor and Borneol.
Frankeniaceae.
353. (Frankenia grandiflora, Frankenia, Yerba Reuma.
Cistineae. - Rock-rose Family.
354. Helianthemum canadense, Helianthemum, Frostwort.
Bixineae.
Trees and shrubs with alternate simple leaves and regular, symmetrical flowers. The fruits of some species are edible, and gums are obtained from a few others.
355. Gynocardia odorata, Gynocardia, Chaulmoogra.
356. (Bixa orellana, Annato.
Canellaceae.
An order furnishing mostly aromatic trees.
357. Canella alba, Canella.
358. Cinnamodendron corticosum, Cinnamodendron.
Violarieae. - Violet Family.
Herbs with alternate or radical leaves; corolla of 5 unequal petals, one being spurred; stamens 5, connivent, alternate with the petals; fruit a 3-valved capsule.
359. Viola tricolor, Pansy, Heart's-ease.
Turneraceae.
360. Turnera aphrodisiaca, Turnera diffusa, Turnera, Damiana.
Passifloreae. - Passion-flower Family.
361. Carica papaya, Melon-tree, True Papaw.
362. (Passiflora incarnata, Passiflora, Passion flower.
Cacteae. - Cactus Family.
363. Cactus grandiflorus, Night-blooming Cereus.
364. (Anhalonium lewini.
Thymeleaceae. - Mezereum Family.
Shrubby plants, with the bark containing strong bast fibers, and very bitter.
365. Daphne mezereum, Daphne guidium, Daphne laureola, Mezereum, Mezereon bark.
Punicaceae. - Pomegranate Family.
366, 367. Punica granatum, Granatum, Pomegranate; Granati fructus cortex, Pomegranate rind.
Myrtaceae. - Synopsis.
368. Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus; Oleum Eucalypti; Eucalyptus rostrata, Red Gum, Creek Gum, Myrray Red Gum, Red Gum Kino, Eucalypti Gummi.
369. Myrcia acris, Myrcia, Bay leaves, Wax myrtle, Wild clove leaves; Oleum Myrciae, Oil of bay.
370. (Eugenia chekan, Chekan, Cheken.
371. Eugenia aromatica, Caryophyllus, Cloves; Caryophylli fructus; Oleum caryophylli, Oil of cloves.
372. Pimenta officinalis, Pimenta, Allspice; Oleum pimentae.
373. (Eugenia jambolana, Jambul, Java plum.
374. Melaleuca leucadendron: Oleum Cajuputi, Oil of cajuput.
Combretaceae.
375. (Terminalia chebula, Myrobalanus, Myrobalans.
Onagraceae. - Evening Primrose Family.
376. (Epilobium angustifolium, Epilobium, Willow-herb.
377. (Oenothera biennis, Evening primrose.
Araliaceae. - Ginseng-Family. - Synopsis.
378. Panax quinquefolium, Panax, Ginseng.
379. Aralia nudicaulis, False sarsaparilla, Wild licorice.
380. (Aralia hispida, Dwarf elder.
Umbelliferae. - Parsley family. - Synopsis.
381. Pimpinella anisum, Anisum, Anise.
382. Foeniculum vulgare, Foeniculum, Fennel; Oleum Foeniculi.
383, 384. Conium maculatum, Conium, Poison Hemlock; Conii Folia, Hemlock leaves.
385. Carum carvi, Carum, Caraway; Oleum Carvi.
386. Coriandrum sativum, Coriandrum, Coriander; Oleum Coriandri.
387. Anethum graveolens, Anethum, Dill fruit, Dill seed; Oleum Anethi.
388. Apium graveolens, Apium, Celery Fruit.
389. Carum ajowan, Ajowan.
390. Thymol.
391. Petroselinum sativum, Petroselini radix, Parsley; Petroselinum; Apiol.
392. Oenanthe phellandrium, Phellandrium, Water dropwort, Five-leaved Water Hemlock.
393. Cuminum cyminum, Cuminum, Cumin seed.
394. (Daucus carota, Carota, Carrot fruit.
395, 396. Angelica archangelica, Angelica, Angelica officinalis, European angelica, Garden angelica; Angelica atropurpurea, American Angelica.
397. Ferula asafoetida, Ferula foetida, Asafoetida, Asafetida.
398. Ferula galbaniflua, Galbanum.
399. Dorema ammoniacum, Ammoniacum, Gum ammoniac.
400. Ferula sumbul, Sumbul, Musk root.
401. (Imperatoria ostruthium, Imperatoria, Masterwort.
402. (Laserpitium latifolium, Laserpitium, White gentian.
403. Ligusticum levisticum, Levisticum, Lovage; Ligusticum filicinum, Osha, Colorado Cough Root.
404. (Pimpinella saxifraga, Pimpinella, Pimpernel.
405. (Thapsia garganica.
406. Cicuta maculata, American Water-Hemlock, Wild Parsnip.
407. (Eryngium aquaticum, Water Eryngo, Rattlesnake's Master.
408. Osmorrhiza longistylis, Sweet Cicely.
Cornaceae. - Dogwood family.
409. Cornus florida, Dogwood.
410. (Garrya fremontii, California fever bush.
Ericaceae. - Heath family. - Synopsis.
411, 412. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Uva ursi, Bearberry; Arctostaphylos glauca, Manzanito.
413. Gaultheria procumbens, Wintergreen, Checkerberry, Partridgeberry; Oleum gaultheriae, Oil of wintergreen; Methyl salicylas.
414. Chimaphila umbellata, Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine.
415. Epigaea repens, Trailing arbutus, Gravel plant.
416. (Vaccinium crassifolium.
417. Kalmia latifolia, Mountain laurel, Spoonwood.
418. Ledum latifolium, Labrador tea.
419. (Oxydendrum arboreum, Sourwood.
420. (Rhododendron maximum, Great laurel.
Myrseneae.
421. (Embelia ribes.
Plumbagineae. - Leadwort family.
422, 423. Statice limonium, Marsh rosemary; Statice brasiliensis, Baycuru.
Primulaceae. - Primrose family.
424. (Anagallis arvensis, Scarlet Pimpernel.
Sapotaceae. - Sapodilla family.
425. Gutta-percha, Isonandra, Palaqium oblongifolium, Dichopsis gutta.
426. Lucuma glycyphlaea, Monesia.
Ebenarceae. - Ebony family.
427. (Diospyros virginiana, Persimmon.
Styraceae. - Storax family.
428. Styrax benzoin, Benzoinum, Benzoin.
Oleaceae. - Olive family.
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves—illustrated by the olive, the ash, the lilac, and the privet. The olive fruit contains mannite, which is converted into olive oil on ripening.
429. Fraxinus ornus, Manna.
430. Olea europaea, Oleum olivae, Olive oil, Sweet oil.
431, 432. (Fraxinus americana, White ash; Fraxinus sambucifolia, Black ash.
433. (Chionanthus virginica, Fringe-tree.
434. (Ligustrum vulgare, Privet.
Loganiaceae. - Logania family. - Synopsis.
435. Strychnos nux vomica, Nux vomica, Dog Button, Quaker Button.
436. Strychnos ignatia, St. Ignatius' Bean.
437. Strychnos malaccensis, Hoang-nan, Hwang-nao, Tropical Bindweed.
438. Gelsemium sempervirens, Gelsemium, Yellow Jasmine.
439. Spigelia marilandica, Spigelia, Pink Root, Carolina Pink.
440. Strychnos castelnaeana, Curara, Curare, Woorari.
Gentianeae. - Gentian family. - Synopsis.
441. Gentiana lutea, Gentiana, Gentian.
442. Frasera walteri, Frasera, American Columbo.
443. Swertia chirayita, Chirata, Chiretta.
444. Sabbatia angularis, Sabbatia paniculata, Sabbatia elliotti, Sabbatia, Centaury.
445. Menyanthes trifoliata, Water Shamrock, Buckbean.
Apocynaceae. - Dogbane family. - Synopsis.
446. Apocynum cannabinum, Apocynum, Canadian Hemp.
447. Aspidosperma quebracho blanco, Quebracho.
448, 449. (Alstonia constricta, Australian Fever Bark; Alstonia scholaris, Dita.
450. (Holarrhena antidysenterica, Conessi.
451. Strophanthus kombé, Strophanthus hispidus, Strophanthus.
452. (Nerium odorum, Oleander.
453. (Urechites, Yellow-flowered Nightshade.
Asclepiaceae. - Milkweed family.
Herbs, usually milky-juiced, with opposite or whorled entire leaves. Anthers connected to the stigma and the pollen, cohering into waxy masses which hang in pairs from the glands of the stigma. The juice contains caoutchouc.
454, 455, 456, 457. Asclepias tuberosa; Asclepias cornuti, Common Silk-weed, Milk-weed; Asclepias incarnata, Swamp Milk-weed; Asclepias curassavica, Blood Flower.
458. Hemidesmus indicus, Indian Sarsaparilla.
459. Gonolobus condurango, Condurango.
Convolvulaceae. - Convolvulus family.
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, sometimes with milky juice, with alternate leaves, and regular, 5-androus flowers.
460, 461. Exogonium purga, Jalapa; Ipomoea pandurata, Wild Jalap, Man-root, Man of the earth; Ipomoea simulans, Tampico Jalap; Ipomoea orizabensis, Fusiform Jalap, Male Jalap.
462. Convolvulus scammonia, Scammonium, Scammony.
Polemoniaceae. - Polemonium family.
463. (Polemonium reptans, Abscess Root.
Hydrophyllaceae. - Waterleaf family.
464. Eriodictyon californicum, Eriodictyon, Yerba santa, Mountain balm, Consumptive's weed.
Boraginaceae. - Borage family.
465. Alkanna tinctoria, Alkanet.
466. Symphytum officinale, Comfrey.
467. (Borago officinalis, Borage.
468. (Pulmonaria officinalis, Lungwort.
Verbenaceae. - Vervain family.
469. (Lippia dulcis.
470, 471. (Verbena hastata, American Blue Vervain; Verbena urticaefolia, White vervain.
472. Premna taitensis, Rhaphidophora vitiensis, Tonga.
Labiatae. - Mint family. - Synopsis.
473. Mentha piperita, Peppermint; Oleum Menthae Piperitae; Menthol.
474. Mentha viridis, Spearmint; Oleum Menthae Viridis.
475. Hedeoma pulegioides, American Pennyroyal; Oleum Hedeomae, Oil of Pennyroyal.
476. Marrubium vulgare, Horehound.
477. Melissa officinalis, Balm.
478. Scutellaria lateriflora, Skullcap.
479. (Origanum vulgare, Wild Marjoram; Oleum Origani, Oil of Origanum.
480. (Cunila mariana, Dittany.
481. (Glechoma hederacea, Ground ivy.
482. (Lycopus virginicus, Lycopus sinuatus, Bugle.
483. (Origanum majorana, Majorana, Sweet Marjoram.
484. (Thymus serpyllum, Serpyllum, Wild Thyme.
485. (Leonurus cardiaca, Motherwort.
486, 487. (Monarda punctata, Horsemint; Oleum Monardae, Oil of Horsemint; Monarda fistulosa, Wild Bergamot.
488. (Hyssopus officinalis, Hyssop.
489. (Nepeta cataria, Cataria, Catnip.
490. (Teucrium chamaedrys, Germander.
491. (Lamium album, Dead Nettle.
492. Salvia officinalis, Sage.
493. Rosmarinus officinalis, Rosemary; Oleum Rosmarini, Oil of Rosemary.
494. Thymus vulgaris, Garden Thyme; Oleum Thymi, Oil of Thyme.
495. (Orthosiphon stamineus, Java tea.
496. (Pycnanthemum montanum, Mountain Mint.
497. (Satureja hortensis, Summer Savory.
498. (Micromeria douglasii, Yerba buena
499. (Ocimum basilicum, Sweet Basil.
500. (Stachys betonica, Betonica.
501. Lavandula vera, Garden Lavender; Oleum Lavandulae Florum, Oil of Lavender Flowers.
502. (Collinsonia canadensis, Stone Root.
Solanaceae. - Nightshade family. - Synopsis.
503, 504. Atropa belladonna, Belladonna, Deadly Nightshade; Belladonnae Radix; Belladonnae Folia.
505. (Brunfelsia hopiana, Manaca.
506. Scopola carniolica, Scopola.
507, 508. Datura stramonium, Stramonium, Thornapple, Jimson Weed.
509, 510. Hyoscyamus niger, Henbane; Hyoscyami Semen.
511. Nicotiana tabacum, Tabacum, Tobacco.
512. Duboisia myoporoides, Duboisia.
513. Fabiana imbricata, Pichi.
514. Solanum dulcamara, Dulcamara, Bittersweet, Woody Nightshade.
515. (Solanum carolinensis, Horse Nettle.
516. Capsicum frutescens, Cayenne Pepper, Red Pepper.
517. (Lycopersicum esculentum, Tomato.
Scrophulariaceae. - Figwort family. - Synopsis.
518. Digitalis purpurea, Foxglove.
519. (Euphrasia officinalis, Eyebright.
520. Verbascum thapsus, Mullein.
521. Veronica virginica, Leptandra, Culver's Root, Culver's Physic.
522. (Veronica officinalis, Speedwell.
523. (Scrophularia nodosa, Figwort.
524. (Chelone glabra, Balmony, Snake-head.
Orobanchaceae. - Broom-rape family.
525. Epiphegus virginiana, Beech-drop, Cancer-root.
Bignoniaceae. - Bignonia family.
526. (Newbouldia laevis.
527. (Jacaranda procera, Caroba.
Pedalineae.
528. Sesamum indicum, Benne; Oleum Sesami, Teel Oil, Benne Oil.
Plantagineae.
529. (Plantago major, Plantago, Plantain.
Rubiaceae. - Madder family. - Synopsis.
530. Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Ipecac.
531. (Rubia tinctorum, Madder.
532. Cinchona ledgeriana, Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona officinalis, Peruvian bark; Cinchona succirubra, Cinchona rubra.
533. Remijia pedunculata, Remijia purdieana, Cuprea bark.
534. (Cephalanthus occidentalis, Button bush, Pond dogwood.
535. Mitchella repens, Squaw vine, Partridge berry.
536. Galium aparine, Cleavers, Lady's Bedstraws; Galium verum, Yellow Lady's Bedstraw.
537. Coffea arabica, Coffee.
538. Ourouparia gambir, Catechu pallidum, Terra japonica, Gambir.
Caprifoliaceae. - Honeysuckle family. - Synopsis.
539. Sambucus canadensis, Elder.
540. Viburnum opulus, Cramp bark, Highbush Cranberry.
541. Viburnum prunifolium, Viburnum lentago, Black haw.
542. (Triosteum perfoliatum, Fever root, Bastard ipecac.
Valerianeae.
Herbs with opposite, exstipulate leaves. Flowers in panicled or head-like cymes. Many of the species possess antispasmodic properties, due to the presence of a volatile oil, from which is developed valerianic acid.
543. Valeriana officinalis, Valerian.
Cucurbitaceae. - Gourd family. - Synopsis.
544. Citrullus colocynthis, Colocynthidis pulpa, Colocynth, Bitter apple.
545. Bryonia alba, Bryonia dioica, Bryony.
546. Luffa aegyptiaca, Luffa, Vegetable sponge, Wash-rag sponge, Gourd towel.
547. (Momordica balsamina, Balsam apple.
548. Cucurbita pepo, Pepo, Pumpkin seed.
549. (Cucumis citrullus, Citrullus, Watermelon seed.
550. (Cucumis sativus, Cucumber seed.
551. Ecballium elaterium, Elaterium; Elaterinum, Elaterin.
Campanulaceae. - Campanula family.
Herbs or shrubbery plants, with acrid, milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, corolla 5-lobed. Fruit a one- to several-celled capsule. Many species of the tribe Lobeliae are acrid-narcotic poisons.
552. Lobelia inflata, Indian tobacco.
Compositae. - Composite family. - Synopsis.
553. Taraxacum officinale, Dandelion.
554. Cichorium intybus, Chicory.
555. Anacyclus pyrethrum, Pyrethrum, Pellitory, Roman Pellitory.
556. Pyrethrum carneum, Pyrethrum roseum, Pyrethrum flores, Insect flowers, Persian Insect Powder, Caucasian Insect Powder; Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium, Dalmatian Insect Powder.
557. Inula helenium, Elecampane.
558; 559. Arctium lappa, Lappa, Burdock root; Lappae fructus, Burdock fruit.
560. (Polymnia uvedalia, Bearsfoot.
561. (Laciniaria spicata, Button Snakeroot.
562. (Helianthella tenuifolia.
563. Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea.
564, 565. Arnica montana, Arnica, Arnica flowers; Arnicae radix, Arnica root.
566. (Cnicus arvensis, Canada thistle.
567. (Erechthites hieracifolia, fireweed.
568. (Trilisa odoratissima, Deer tongue, Vanilla leaf.
569. (Pterocaulon pycnostachyon, Black root.
570. Mikania spp., Guaco.
571. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Ragweed
572, 573. (Xanthium strumarium, Strumarium, Clotbur, Cocklebur; Xanthium spinosum, Spinosum, Spiny Clotbur.
574. Eupatorium perfoliatum, Boneset, Thoroughwort; Eupatorium purpureum, Queen of the Meadow, Gravel root.
576. Grindelia camporum, Grindelia cuneifolia, Grindelia squarrosa, Grindelia.
577. Tanacetum vulgare, Tansy.
578. Artemisia absinthium, Absinthium, Wormwood.
579. Artemisia abrotanum, Southernwood, Old man; Artemisia vulgaris, Mugwort; Artemisia frigida, Mountain sage; Artemisia tridentata, Sagebrush; Artemisia trifolia; Artemisia dracunculus, Tarragon.
580, 581. Erigeron annuus, Erigeron philadelphicus, Erigeron strigosus, Fleabane, Daisy Fleabane; Erigeron canadense, Canada fleabane; Oleum Erigerontis, Oil of Canada Fleabane.
582. Gnaphalium polycephalum, Life everlasting.
583. (Helenium autumnale, Sneezewort.
584. Achillea millefolium, Yarrow, Milfoil.
585. (Tussilago farfara, Coltsfoot.
586. Cnicus benedictus, Carduus benedictus, Blessed thistle; Cnicus marianus.
587. (Silphium laciniatum, Rosin Weed.
588. (Mutisia viciaefolia, Chinchirocoma.
589. (Elephantopus tomentosus, Elephant's foot.
590. (Rudbeckia laciniata, Thimble weed, Cone flower.
591. (Bidens bipinnata, Spanish needles.
592. (Senecio aureus, Life-root, Ragwort.
593. (Solidago odora, Golden rod.
594, 595, 596. Lactuca virosa, Lactucarium, Lettuce-opium; Lactuca sativa, Garden Lettuce; Lactuca canadensis, Wild Lettuce.
597. Matricaria parthenium, Parthenium, Feverfew.
598. Anthemis cotula, Cotula, Mayweed, Wild Chamomile.
599. Matricaria chamomilla, German Chamomile.
600. Anthemis nobilis, Roman Chamomile, English Chamomile.
601. Artemisia pauciflora, Santonica, Levant Wormseed.
602. Calendula officinalis, Marigold.
603. Carthamus tinctorius, Safflower, American Saffron.
604. Helianthus annuus, Sunflower.
Section II.
Part I. Animal Drugs.
605. Cantharis vesicatoria, Cantharides, Spanish Flies, Blister Beetles; Mylabris spp.; Epicauta spp.; Macrobasis spp.
606. Coccus Cacti, Cochineal, Cochineal Bug, Red Scale Insect.
607. Periplaneta orientalis, Blatta, Cockroack; Ectobia germania, German Cockroach, Croton Bug; Blatta gigantea.
608. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Hirudo, Leech; Sanguisuga officinalis; Hirudo provincialis; Hirodu obscura; Hirudo interrupta; Hirudo decora.
Part II. Special Animal Tissues and Secretions
609. Spongia officinalis, Sponge.
610. Oculina virginea, Corallium, Coral; Corallium rubrum, Red Coral.
611. Ostrea virginiana, Ostrea edulis, Testa, Oyster Shell.
612. Sepia officinalis, Os sepiae, Cuttlefish bone.
613. Astacus fluviatilis, Cancer astacus, Calculi Cancrorum, Crab's Stones.
614. Acipenser spp., Sturgeon, Ichthyocolla, Isinglass.
615. Physeter macrocephalus, Ambra grisea, Ambergris.
616. Gadus morrhua, Oleum Morrhuae, Cod-liver Oil.
617. Physeter macrocephalus, Cetaceum, Spermaceti.
618. Apis mellifera, Mel, Honey; Cera flava, Yellow Wax, Beeswax; Cera alba, White Wax, Bleached Wax.
619. Gallus bankiva, Ovum, Fresh Hen's Egg.
620. Moschus moschiferus, Musk.
621, 622, 623. Bos taurus, Ox: Fel bovis, Ox Gall; Sanguis, Blood; Lac vaccinum, Cow's Milk.
624. Os. Bone.
625. Gelatinum, Gelatin.
626. Ovis aries, Sheep: Sevum, Suet.
627. Bos taurus, Ox: Oleum bubulum, Neat's-foot Oil.
628. Sus scrofa, Pig: Adeps, Lard; Oleum adipis, Lard oil.
629. Pepsinum, Pepsin.
630. Pancreatinum, Pancreatin.
631. Ovis aries, Sheep: Adeps Lanae Hydrosus, Lanolin, Hydrous Wool-fat; Hydrocarbon fats and oils.
632. (Hydraceum.
633. Castor fiber, Beaver: Castoreum, Castor.
634. Viverra zibetha, Viverra civetta: Civetta, Civet.
Part III: Insects Injurious to Drugs.
Part IV. Powdered Drugs.
A. Methods for Identification.
B. Alphabetical List of Drug Powders with Synopsis of Essential Microscopical Elements.
The images.

A Manual of Organic Materia Medica and Pharmacognosy, 1917, was written by Lucius E. Sayre, B.S. Ph. M.